During the Angolan Civil War there were two main sides: MPLA and UNITA. Other historic insurgencies, such as the Russian Civil War, have been multipolar rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. The Iraq insurgency is one example of a recognized government versus multiple groups of insurgents. Sometimes there may be one or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a country. For example, during the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America was not recognized as a sovereign state, but it was recognized as a belligerent power, and thus Confederate warships were given the same rights as United States warships in foreign ports. Where a revolt takes the form of armed rebellion, it may not be viewed as an insurgency if a state of belligerency exists between one or more sovereign states and rebel forces.
There have been many cases of non-violent rebellions, using civil resistance, as in the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in the 1980s that ousted President Marcos. State attempts to quell insurgencies frequently lead to the infliction of indiscriminate violence, whereas rebel control of territory frequently involves violence agains the civilian population. Due to the blending of insurgents with the civilian population, insurgencies tend to involve considerable violence against civilians (by the state and the insurgents). Īn insurgency can be fought via counter-insurgency warfare, as well as other political, economic and social actions of various kinds.
Insurgency frequently hinge on control of and collaboration with local populations. Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population (mainly in the countryside) where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irregular forces face the state's large, well-equipped, regular military. An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority waged by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerilla warfare from primarily rural base areas.
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